Consumption of alcohol is common in many societies and related to various occasions, especially in the context of leisure and festivities. As gender roles have changed, women's consumption patterns have become similar to men's in many countries. In case of deviant behavior, such as drunkenness in public, women are criticized more harshly, and stigmatization is experienced more frequently. This is also mirrored in higher self-stigmatization among women with alcohol dependence in comparison to men. This is also of great relevance with regards to health services and health services research, as we have shown at the example of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

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